Today's vocabulary lesson
faux pas, n. surrogate dads.
31 May 2004
Physician fashion trend
It seems that a new study has found that physicians' neckties harbour pathogens, thereby facilitating the spread of infectious disease. The Israeli medical student who undertook the study is recommending a switch to bow ties as a possible remedy. But he does not say whether these should be made available over the counter or by prescription.
It seems that a new study has found that physicians' neckties harbour pathogens, thereby facilitating the spread of infectious disease. The Israeli medical student who undertook the study is recommending a switch to bow ties as a possible remedy. But he does not say whether these should be made available over the counter or by prescription.
Commencement
Saturday saw the class of 2004 graduate from Redeemer University College. The speaker was Dr. Janet Epp Buckingham, Director, Law and Public Policy, of the Evangelical Fellowship of Canada, whom I was privileged to introduce. The student speaker was none other than our own Brian Matthew Kelvin Dijkema, who not only graduated with a BA in political science but managed to earn the undying esteem of his professors, who honoured him with the annual Faculty Award. Kudos to Mr. Dijkema. (And thanks for not mentioning any of my paedagogical eccentricities in your speech!)
There is much I could write about what is always a moving event for those of us who have shepherded these young people through an undergraduate education. I could simply repeat what I wrote last year at this time, but I think Rob Joustra has said it best with his own touching tribute to the class of 2004. I have nothing to add.
Saturday saw the class of 2004 graduate from Redeemer University College. The speaker was Dr. Janet Epp Buckingham, Director, Law and Public Policy, of the Evangelical Fellowship of Canada, whom I was privileged to introduce. The student speaker was none other than our own Brian Matthew Kelvin Dijkema, who not only graduated with a BA in political science but managed to earn the undying esteem of his professors, who honoured him with the annual Faculty Award. Kudos to Mr. Dijkema. (And thanks for not mentioning any of my paedagogical eccentricities in your speech!)
There is much I could write about what is always a moving event for those of us who have shepherded these young people through an undergraduate education. I could simply repeat what I wrote last year at this time, but I think Rob Joustra has said it best with his own touching tribute to the class of 2004. I have nothing to add.
30 May 2004
Prairies and forests: Illinois's natural history
I have a number of books in my personal library on the history of my home region of DuPage County and the Chicago area. Over the decades I have been especially fascinated by the railways which have shaped so much of the urban industrial culture of this part of the world. Being back there this past week made me newly aware of the role still played by the railways, as both freight and commuter passenger trains seem to pass through Wheaton and Glen Ellyn every few minutes or so.
But recently I have become aware of the natural history of Illinois, which has long been called the Prairie State. This started as I was looking at one of my several books about the Chicago Aurora and Elgin Railroad, the electric interurban railway that operated between 1902 and 1957. I was surprised by an early aerial view of the trackage in Wheaton, which indicated that at the beginning of the 20th century there were very few trees in my home town. By the middle of the century, when I was growing up, trees were to be found everywhere, leading me to believe that DuPage County was once heavily forested. As it turns out, there had indeed been forests, but not when Europeans arrived in the early 19th century. By then it was prairie, consisting of tall grasses and an absence of trees. So how did the prairies supplant the ancient forests?
Many scholars believe that the prairies, far from being a pristine pre-human landscape, were created by the aboriginal inhabitants, who subjected much of the North American continent to periodic controlled burnings. According to Steve Pyne,
Following European settlement of these territories, the forests generally returned. According to William Denevan,
Perhaps then the forests that cover much of the upper midwest of the United States are of fairly recent vintage. A century after those old photographs were taken, my hometown of Wheaton is covered with a variety of trees, both deciduous and coniferous. Trees have a stately beauty that no other plant can match. They provide shade and food, as well as wood for homes and furniture. In the jewish and christian traditions they are symbolic of faithfulness and steadfastness (see, for example, Psalm 1). They are among the most long-lived of all living things. Whatever beauty the prairies may have had, it is difficult to imagine my homeland without its trees.
But recently I have become aware of the natural history of Illinois, which has long been called the Prairie State. This started as I was looking at one of my several books about the Chicago Aurora and Elgin Railroad, the electric interurban railway that operated between 1902 and 1957. I was surprised by an early aerial view of the trackage in Wheaton, which indicated that at the beginning of the 20th century there were very few trees in my home town. By the middle of the century, when I was growing up, trees were to be found everywhere, leading me to believe that DuPage County was once heavily forested. As it turns out, there had indeed been forests, but not when Europeans arrived in the early 19th century. By then it was prairie, consisting of tall grasses and an absence of trees. So how did the prairies supplant the ancient forests?
Many scholars believe that the prairies, far from being a pristine pre-human landscape, were created by the aboriginal inhabitants, who subjected much of the North American continent to periodic controlled burnings. According to Steve Pyne,
the modification of the American continent by fire at the hands of Asian immigrants [now called American Indians, Native Americans, or First Nations/People] was the result of repeated, controlled, surface burns on a cycle of one to three years, broken by occasional holocausts from escape fires and periodic conflagrations during times of drought. Even under ideal circumstances, accidents occurred: signal fires escaped and campfires spread, with the result that valuable range was untimely scorched, buffalo driven away, and villages threatened. Burned corpses on the prairie were far from rare. So extensive were the cumulative effects of these modifications that it may be said that the general consequence of the Indian occupation of the New World was to replace forested land with grassland or savannah, or, where the forest persisted, to open it up and free it from underbrush. Most of the impenetrable woods encountered by explorers were in bogs or swamps from which fire was excluded; naturally drained landscape was nearly everywhere burned. Conversely, almost wherever the European went, forests followed. The Great American Forest may be more a product of settlement than a victim of it (Pyne 1982: 79-80).
Following European settlement of these territories, the forests generally returned. According to William Denevan,
The thesis of prairies as fire induced, primarily by Indians, has its critics (Borchert 1950; Wedel 1957), but the recent review of the topic by Anderson (1990, 14), a biologist, concludes that most ecologists now believe that the eastern prairies "would have mostly disappeared if it had not been for the nearly annual burning of these grasslands by the North American Indians," during the last 5,000 years. A case in point is the nineteenth-century invasion of many grasslands by forests after fire had been suppressed in Wisconsin, Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska, and elsewhere (M. Williams 1989,46).
Perhaps then the forests that cover much of the upper midwest of the United States are of fairly recent vintage. A century after those old photographs were taken, my hometown of Wheaton is covered with a variety of trees, both deciduous and coniferous. Trees have a stately beauty that no other plant can match. They provide shade and food, as well as wood for homes and furniture. In the jewish and christian traditions they are symbolic of faithfulness and steadfastness (see, for example, Psalm 1). They are among the most long-lived of all living things. Whatever beauty the prairies may have had, it is difficult to imagine my homeland without its trees.
28 May 2004
A Kuyperian at Wheaton
During my stay in Wheaton, I was pleased to meet and get to know Vincent Bacote, who is apparently the lone Kuyperian in the Bible and theology department at Wheaton College. Although he is a young scholar who has taught there only since 2000, he has already come up with a memorable redesignation of the Cultural Mandate in Genesis 1:28 ff as the "First Great Commission," the second being Matthew 28:18-20. I wish I'd said it first. We could have used Bacote's input in our earlier discussion of this issue in April.
During my stay in Wheaton, I was pleased to meet and get to know Vincent Bacote, who is apparently the lone Kuyperian in the Bible and theology department at Wheaton College. Although he is a young scholar who has taught there only since 2000, he has already come up with a memorable redesignation of the Cultural Mandate in Genesis 1:28 ff as the "First Great Commission," the second being Matthew 28:18-20. I wish I'd said it first. We could have used Bacote's input in our earlier discussion of this issue in April.
Wheaton conference
Most of this week -- monday through yesterday -- I spent at the Scripture and the Disciplines conference at Wheaton College in Illinois. It was sponsored by the Wheaton College Faith and Learning Program, the Trinity Evangelical Divinity School Center for Theological Understanding, and the Christian College Consortium. I attended with four of my colleagues and one of our alumni.
According to the mission statement, "This conference provides the venue for Christian scholars in the humanities and social sciences together with their colleagues in Biblical and Theological Studies to explore new avenues for scholarship deeply rooted in Scripture." There were a number of plenary sessions as well as discipline-specific sections meeting separately. Among the plenary speakers were Timothy George, David Lyle Jeffrey (formerly of the University of Ottawa and now of Baylor University), Mark Noll and Alvin Plantinga. My colleagues, Al Wolters and Craig Bartholomew, played an active role in the discipline-specific sections.
These sections included biblical and theological studies, economics, English, history, political science, psychology and sociology. The three political science sessions were organized by James W. Skillen of the Center for Public Justice. Readers will not be surprised to hear that I found these the most worthwhile part of the conference. I was pleased to learn from Skillen that he will shortly be publishing two books, In Pursuit of Justice: Christian-Democratic Explorations and With or Against the World? America's Role Among the Nations. Fans of Skillen's writings will look forward to reading these.
Alvin Plantinga I have known since my graduate student days at Notre Dame some two decades ago. We were members of the same church congregation in South Bend, Indiana. I was amazed to learn from him that he travelled to Iran two years ago, where he delivered a series of lectures on christian philosophy, in which there is apparently considerable interest in an almost wholly muslim country. As he explained it, Iranians tend to believe that all western philosophers are atheists along the lines of Bertrand Russell; they are thus fascinated by the notion that there might be philosophers who believe in God.
As I grew up in Wheaton, I was happy to do a considerable amount of walking around the town, revisiting some of the places of my childhood and youth. I found two used book stores near the college campus. I also walked downtown where I visited a locally famous popcorn shop operating out of a store wedged in an alley way between two buildings. The secret recipe has been a local favourite for decades. I also walked two blocks of the Illinois Prairie Path, on which I had bicycled virtually every day during summers while a student.
All in all, it was a worthwhile trip.
Most of this week -- monday through yesterday -- I spent at the Scripture and the Disciplines conference at Wheaton College in Illinois. It was sponsored by the Wheaton College Faith and Learning Program, the Trinity Evangelical Divinity School Center for Theological Understanding, and the Christian College Consortium. I attended with four of my colleagues and one of our alumni.
According to the mission statement, "This conference provides the venue for Christian scholars in the humanities and social sciences together with their colleagues in Biblical and Theological Studies to explore new avenues for scholarship deeply rooted in Scripture." There were a number of plenary sessions as well as discipline-specific sections meeting separately. Among the plenary speakers were Timothy George, David Lyle Jeffrey (formerly of the University of Ottawa and now of Baylor University), Mark Noll and Alvin Plantinga. My colleagues, Al Wolters and Craig Bartholomew, played an active role in the discipline-specific sections.
These sections included biblical and theological studies, economics, English, history, political science, psychology and sociology. The three political science sessions were organized by James W. Skillen of the Center for Public Justice. Readers will not be surprised to hear that I found these the most worthwhile part of the conference. I was pleased to learn from Skillen that he will shortly be publishing two books, In Pursuit of Justice: Christian-Democratic Explorations and With or Against the World? America's Role Among the Nations. Fans of Skillen's writings will look forward to reading these.
Alvin Plantinga I have known since my graduate student days at Notre Dame some two decades ago. We were members of the same church congregation in South Bend, Indiana. I was amazed to learn from him that he travelled to Iran two years ago, where he delivered a series of lectures on christian philosophy, in which there is apparently considerable interest in an almost wholly muslim country. As he explained it, Iranians tend to believe that all western philosophers are atheists along the lines of Bertrand Russell; they are thus fascinated by the notion that there might be philosophers who believe in God.
As I grew up in Wheaton, I was happy to do a considerable amount of walking around the town, revisiting some of the places of my childhood and youth. I found two used book stores near the college campus. I also walked downtown where I visited a locally famous popcorn shop operating out of a store wedged in an alley way between two buildings. The secret recipe has been a local favourite for decades. I also walked two blocks of the Illinois Prairie Path, on which I had bicycled virtually every day during summers while a student.
All in all, it was a worthwhile trip.
26 May 2004
Frisian and Anglo-Saxon
Is it true that the Frisian-speaking ancestors of several of our students might have been able to read Beowulf in the original language?
Is it true that the Frisian-speaking ancestors of several of our students might have been able to read Beowulf in the original language?
25 May 2004
Europe's bleak fate
Daniel Pipes is a controversial commentator who has written extensively on Islam and terrorism. Although he is himself Jewish, he regrets the dechristianization of Europe in his recent opinion piece, "Muslim Europe." Perhaps this fate could be avoided if European countries were to increase immigration from Latin America, subsaharan Africa, the Philippines, Korea and China, that is, precisely those parts of the world where Christianity is growing.
Daniel Pipes is a controversial commentator who has written extensively on Islam and terrorism. Although he is himself Jewish, he regrets the dechristianization of Europe in his recent opinion piece, "Muslim Europe." Perhaps this fate could be avoided if European countries were to increase immigration from Latin America, subsaharan Africa, the Philippines, Korea and China, that is, precisely those parts of the world where Christianity is growing.
Healey Willan's music
One of the greatest Canadian composers of church music was Healey Willan (1880-1968), born in Surrey, England, and longtime organist at the Church of St. Mary Magdalene in Toronto from 1919 until his death. Although his music is not as well known as that of his contemporary, Ralph Vaughan Williams, it has a stark beauty rooted in the church's ancient tradition of plainsong. It is by no means flashy or unusual music. It owes nothing to some of the more imaginative schools of the 20th century, including polytonality and 12 tone music, although at least one of his pieces manifests the influence of the still new genre of jazz.
EMI Classics
Willan's approach to liturgical music can be found in Giles Bryant's description from the recording whose cover is shown above:
Perhaps so. But a good, well-directed choir singing a simple setting of the mass on an ordinary sunday can send forth as sublime a sound as possible this side of paradise. And Willan's music definitely enhances the choral repertoire. Nancy and I worshipped at St. Mary Magdalene's several years ago. Some three decades after Willan's passing, his music was still being sung and the high standards he imposed on his choirs was being maintained.
There is one mystery surrounding Willan which I have been unable to solve and would welcome any assistance from someone more in the know than I. The text, "Lord, enthroned in heavenly splendour," was set by Willan to the tune, ST. OSMUND. There is a widespread belief that Willan composed the tune, and this is reflected in a number of hymnals. However, The Hymn Book of the Anglican Church of Canada says of this tune: "proper melody from the Solesmes version, harmonized by Healey Willan." Is the tune his own, or did he merely arrange it? I'd love to know.
One of the greatest Canadian composers of church music was Healey Willan (1880-1968), born in Surrey, England, and longtime organist at the Church of St. Mary Magdalene in Toronto from 1919 until his death. Although his music is not as well known as that of his contemporary, Ralph Vaughan Williams, it has a stark beauty rooted in the church's ancient tradition of plainsong. It is by no means flashy or unusual music. It owes nothing to some of the more imaginative schools of the 20th century, including polytonality and 12 tone music, although at least one of his pieces manifests the influence of the still new genre of jazz.
EMI Classics
Willan's approach to liturgical music can be found in Giles Bryant's description from the recording whose cover is shown above:
The standard he demanded of his choirs was high. He achieved a blended sound, entirely without vibrato and with a very limited tonal and volume range -- which entirely suited the resonant acoustics of St. Mary Magdalene's. There was never a hint of showing off in the choirs' work -- it was always geared to the needs of the liturgy. Willan was fond of quoting R R Terry, the famous director of music at Westminster Cathedral: "The reason why plainsong is so unpopular in some places is that it gives more glory to God than it does to the choir."
Perhaps so. But a good, well-directed choir singing a simple setting of the mass on an ordinary sunday can send forth as sublime a sound as possible this side of paradise. And Willan's music definitely enhances the choral repertoire. Nancy and I worshipped at St. Mary Magdalene's several years ago. Some three decades after Willan's passing, his music was still being sung and the high standards he imposed on his choirs was being maintained.
There is one mystery surrounding Willan which I have been unable to solve and would welcome any assistance from someone more in the know than I. The text, "Lord, enthroned in heavenly splendour," was set by Willan to the tune, ST. OSMUND. There is a widespread belief that Willan composed the tune, and this is reflected in a number of hymnals. However, The Hymn Book of the Anglican Church of Canada says of this tune: "proper melody from the Solesmes version, harmonized by Healey Willan." Is the tune his own, or did he merely arrange it? I'd love to know.
24 May 2004
23 May 2004
Federal election 2004
Canadians go to the polls on 28 June. The Liberals, who have ruled this country since 1993 without credible opposition, could win only a minority government, if the pollsters are correct. In Québec the Bloc québécois looks set to stage a comeback in the wake of the sponsorship scandal. Moreover, according to the report in The Globe and Mail, "An Ipsos-Reid poll of decided voters published over the weekend found that 35 per cent of voters would choose the Liberals, while 26 per cent would opt for the Conservatives. The NDP would garner 18 per cent of the votes." Although actual representation in the House of Commons depends on riding-by-riding results, a nationwide vote percentage that low is conventionally thought to put a plurality party in minority territory. Minority governments tend to be short lived.
Canadians go to the polls on 28 June. The Liberals, who have ruled this country since 1993 without credible opposition, could win only a minority government, if the pollsters are correct. In Québec the Bloc québécois looks set to stage a comeback in the wake of the sponsorship scandal. Moreover, according to the report in The Globe and Mail, "An Ipsos-Reid poll of decided voters published over the weekend found that 35 per cent of voters would choose the Liberals, while 26 per cent would opt for the Conservatives. The NDP would garner 18 per cent of the votes." Although actual representation in the House of Commons depends on riding-by-riding results, a nationwide vote percentage that low is conventionally thought to put a plurality party in minority territory. Minority governments tend to be short lived.
William Blake's Jerusalem
Am I the only person who thinks it rather weird to sing this hymn in church?
Am I the only person who thinks it rather weird to sing this hymn in church?
22 May 2004
Studies in Grace
An old friend pointed me to the following website, and I am passing it along to readers of this blog: Studies in Grace. It is operated by Trace James, someone of reformational conviction whom I knew during my undergraduate years in Minnesota some three decades ago. What is it?
It looks worthwhile and I wish everyone involved in this ministry God's blessings.
An old friend pointed me to the following website, and I am passing it along to readers of this blog: Studies in Grace. It is operated by Trace James, someone of reformational conviction whom I knew during my undergraduate years in Minnesota some three decades ago. What is it?
Studies in Grace™ is a non-profit educational ministry of instruction in the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, which exists for the purpose of broadening and deepening the experience of the life in grace of those who participate in its classes. It does not adhere to the specific theologies of any particular church, but in its perspective on the Scriptures and life is broadly evangelical (we teach that one must respond personally and individually to God’s gracious gift of salvation) and reformed (we believe that the Christian life involves positive engagement with society on many levels).
It looks worthwhile and I wish everyone involved in this ministry God's blessings.
21 May 2004
Same-sex marriage
Katherine Young and Paul Nathanson, both on the faculty of McGill University, have no difficulty with homosexual relationships, but they oppose efforts to expand the legal definition of marriage to cover them. According to the authors,
Katherine Young and Paul Nathanson, both on the faculty of McGill University, have no difficulty with homosexual relationships, but they oppose efforts to expand the legal definition of marriage to cover them. According to the authors,
Because heterosexuality is directly related to both reproduction and survival, and because it involves much more than copulation, all human societies have actively fostered it (although some have also allowed or even encouraged homosexuality in specific circumstances). Heterosexuality is always fostered by a cultural norm, not merely allowed as one "lifestyle choice" among many.
Taiwan solution in Cyprus
Could the Turkish Republic of North Cyprus (TRNC) become a kind of Mediterranean Taiwan, enjoying most of the benefits of normal relations with other countries, but falling short of full diplomatic recognition? Greek Cypriots fear such a possibility, but it could happen.
Could the Turkish Republic of North Cyprus (TRNC) become a kind of Mediterranean Taiwan, enjoying most of the benefits of normal relations with other countries, but falling short of full diplomatic recognition? Greek Cypriots fear such a possibility, but it could happen.
19 May 2004
Supreme Court approves undemocratic law
Most people would hold that one of the preconditions for a healthy, vibrant democracy is a high degree of freedom of speech. Thus it seems incredible that the Supreme Court of Canada would uphold a federal law severely restricting this during an election campaign. One wonders what is the purpose of the Charter guarantee of "freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication" when the court sees fit to interpret this any way it damn well pleases. Although I am not a terribly partisan person, I am encouraged that Conservative leader Stephen Harper has promised to repeal the law which the Court upheld if his party comes to power next month. It is also encouraging that Canada's two national newspapers have come out against this draconian ruling.
Andrew Heard, Simon Fraser University
Canada's ruling junta
This unsettling development illustrates the danger of one party ruling uncontested for so long a time without serious opposition. Given that the party in power controls -- virtually monopolizes -- the legislative agenda and even appoints the justices of the very court called upon to interpret the law, it is small wonder that Canada is in danger of becoming a Mexican-style one-party-dominant semi-democracy at best.
Most people would hold that one of the preconditions for a healthy, vibrant democracy is a high degree of freedom of speech. Thus it seems incredible that the Supreme Court of Canada would uphold a federal law severely restricting this during an election campaign. One wonders what is the purpose of the Charter guarantee of "freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication" when the court sees fit to interpret this any way it damn well pleases. Although I am not a terribly partisan person, I am encouraged that Conservative leader Stephen Harper has promised to repeal the law which the Court upheld if his party comes to power next month. It is also encouraging that Canada's two national newspapers have come out against this draconian ruling.
Andrew Heard, Simon Fraser University
Canada's ruling junta
This unsettling development illustrates the danger of one party ruling uncontested for so long a time without serious opposition. Given that the party in power controls -- virtually monopolizes -- the legislative agenda and even appoints the justices of the very court called upon to interpret the law, it is small wonder that Canada is in danger of becoming a Mexican-style one-party-dominant semi-democracy at best.
Whither marriage?
Stanley Kurtz writes in The Weekly Standard on "The End of Marriage in Scandinavia: The 'conservative case' for same-sex marriage collapses." According to Kurtz,
Yet I wonder whether this will prove not to be true over the long term. If marriage is not a mere human institution, but is instead part of the deep structure of every society, then it may be more resilient than we give it credit for. Half a decade ago Francis Fukuyama wrote The Great Disruption, in which he observed that, after the troubling social indicators besetting the west after about 1965, these same societies began to reknit their social fabrics in the 1990s, leading, among other things, to a decrease in crime rates. This suggests that, as Christians would put it, God's creation order will reassert itself in ways forcing people to acknowledge the distinctiveness of marriage.
Stanley Kurtz writes in The Weekly Standard on "The End of Marriage in Scandinavia: The 'conservative case' for same-sex marriage collapses." According to Kurtz,
Marriage is slowly dying in Scandinavia. A majority of children in Sweden and Norway are born out of wedlock. Sixty percent of first-born children in Denmark have unmarried parents. Not coincidentally, these countries have had something close to full gay marriage for a decade or more. Same-sex marriage has locked in and reinforced an existing Scandinavian trend toward the separation of marriage and parenthood. The Nordic family pattern--including gay marriage--is spreading across Europe. And by looking closely at it we can answer the key empirical question underlying the gay marriage debate. Will same-sex marriage undermine the institution of marriage? It already has.
Yet I wonder whether this will prove not to be true over the long term. If marriage is not a mere human institution, but is instead part of the deep structure of every society, then it may be more resilient than we give it credit for. Half a decade ago Francis Fukuyama wrote The Great Disruption, in which he observed that, after the troubling social indicators besetting the west after about 1965, these same societies began to reknit their social fabrics in the 1990s, leading, among other things, to a decrease in crime rates. This suggests that, as Christians would put it, God's creation order will reassert itself in ways forcing people to acknowledge the distinctiveness of marriage.
Christianity and democracy
In the most recent issue of the influential Journal of Democracy, there is a series of articles on Christianity and democracy, including: Daniel Philpott, "The Catholic Wave"; Robert Dudley Woodberry and Timothy S. Shah, "The Pioneering Protestants"; Elizabeth Prodromou, "The Ambivalent Orthodox"; Peter L. Berger, "The Global Picture." Another article of interest in the current issue is Arend Lijphart, "Constitutional Design for Divided Societies." Journal of Democracy was started in 1990, when communism was collapsing and democracy appeared to be the wave of the future.
In the most recent issue of the influential Journal of Democracy, there is a series of articles on Christianity and democracy, including: Daniel Philpott, "The Catholic Wave"; Robert Dudley Woodberry and Timothy S. Shah, "The Pioneering Protestants"; Elizabeth Prodromou, "The Ambivalent Orthodox"; Peter L. Berger, "The Global Picture." Another article of interest in the current issue is Arend Lijphart, "Constitutional Design for Divided Societies." Journal of Democracy was started in 1990, when communism was collapsing and democracy appeared to be the wave of the future.
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